Biography of Amalasuntha, Queen of the Ostrogoths

We have three sources for the details of Amalasunthas life and rule: the histories of Procopius, the Gothic History of Jordanes (a summary version of a lost book by Cassiodorus), and the letters of Cassiodorus. All were written shortly after the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy was defeated. Gregory of Tours, writing in the later 6th century, also mentions Amalasuntha. Procopius version of events, however, has many inconsistencies. In one account Procopius praises the virtue of Amalasuntha; in another, he accuses her of manipulation. In his version of this history, Procopius makes the Empress Theodora complicit in Amalasunthas death -- but he is often focused on depicting the Empress as a great manipulator. Known for: ruler of the Ostrogoths, first as regent for her sonDates: 498-535 (reigned 526-534)Religion:  Arian ChristianAlso known as: Amalasuentha, Amalasvintha,  Amalasvente, Amalasontha, Amalasonte, Queen of the Goths, Queen of the Ostrogoths, Gothic Queen, Regent Queen Background and Early Life Amalasuntha was the daughter of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, who had taken power in Italy with the support of the eastern emperor. Her mother was Audofleda, whose brother, Clovis I, was the first king to unite the Franks, and whose wife, Saint Clotilde, is credited with bringing Clovis into the Roman Catholic Christian fold. Amalasunthas cousins thus included the warring sons of Clovis and Clovis daughter, also named Clotilde, who married Amalasunthas half-nephew, Amalaric of the Goths. She was apparently well educated, speaking Latin, Greek, and Gothic fluently. Marriage and Regency Amalasuntha was married to Eutharic, a Goth from Spain, who died in 522. They had two children; their son was Athalaric. When Theodoric died in 526, his heir was Amalasunthas son Athalaric. Because Athalaric was only ten, Amalasuntha became regent for him. After Athalarics death while still a child, Amalasuntha joined forces with the next closest heir to the throne, her cousin Theodahad or Theodad (sometimes called her husband in accounts of her rule). With the advice and support of her minister Cassiodorus, who had also been an advisor to her father, Amalasuntha seems to have continued a close relationship with the Byzantine emperor, now Justinian -- as when she permitted Justinian to use Sicily as a base for Belisarius invasion of the Vandals in North Africa. Opposition by the Ostrogoths Perhaps with Justinians and Theodahads support or manipulation, Ostrogoth nobles opposed Amalasunthas policies. When her son was alive, these same opponents had protested her giving her son a Roman, classical education, and instead had insisted that he receive training as a soldier. Eventually, the nobles rebelled against Amalasuntha, and exiled her to Bolsena in Tuscany in 534, ending her reign. There, she was later strangled by relatives of some men she had earlier ordered killed. Her murder probably was undertaken with her cousins approval -- Theodahad may have had reason to believe that Justinian wanted Amalasuntha removed from power. The Gothic War But after Amalasunthas murder, Justinian sent Belisarius to launch the Gothic War, retaking Italy and deposing Theodahad. Amalasuntha also had a daughter, Matasuntha or Matasuentha (among other renderings of her name). She apparently married Witigus, who briefly reigned after Theodahads death. She was then married to Justinians nephew or cousin, Germanus, and was made a Patrician Ordinary. Gregory of Tours, in his History of the Franks, mentions Amalasuntha and tells a story, which is most likely not historical, of Amalasuntha eloping with a slave who was then killed by her mothers representatives and then of Amalasuntha killing her mother by putting poison in her communion chalice. Procopius About Amalasuntha An excerpt from Procopius of Caesaria: The Secret History How Theodora treated those who offended her will now be shown, though again I can give only a few instances, or obviously there would be no end to the demonstration.When Amasalontha decided to save her life by surrendering her queendom over the Goths and retiring to Constantinople (as I have related elsewhere), Theodora, reflecting that the lady was well-born and a Queen, more than easy to look at and a marvel at planning intrigues, became suspicious of her charms and audacity: and fearing her husbands fickleness, she became not a little jealous, and determined to ensnare the lady to her doom.

Renaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance - 4916 Words

Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery The Renaissance in Italy Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian, described the Renaissance as the â€Å"prototype of the modern world† in his book Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860). People became to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation. Burckhardt saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre-modern, or medieval, period. Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Scholars agree that the Renaissance (1375-1527)was a transition from medieval to modern times Different from the feudal fragmentation of medieval times, Renaissance Europe was characterized by growing national consciousness and political centralization, an urban economy based on organized commerce and capitalism, and growing lay control of secular thought and culture The Italian City State When commerce revived in the eleventh century, Italian merchants mastered the organizational skills needed for trade: book-keeping, scouting new markets, securing new markets, and banking. During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, trade-rich cities became powerful city-states, dominating the political and economic life of the surrounding countryside. 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The Serotonin Syndrome Essay Example For Students

The Serotonin Syndrome Essay Even the most clueless among us know about ecstasy today; thanks to news and the media who have labeled it a thrill pill and love drug, and proclaimed it Americas newest drug problem. Although many therapists are praising it, researchers are also knocking it. All together, they have found that ecstasy, a drug similar to MDMA, has short and long term effects on the brain that vary from person to person. Ecstasy is a street term for a range of drugs that are similar in structure to Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA. Ecstasy is similar in structure and affect to amphetamines and hallucinogens. Amphetamines, or speed, are stimulants that speed up activity in the nervous system. Hallucinogens, such as LSD, typically affect perception and can cause things to be seen or heard that dont really exist, or things that are distorted. Ecstasy is illegal, and its ingredients are often hard to get. Therefore, manufactures my substitute a wide range of substances when making the drug. There is a chance that when you buy ecstasy it will contain little MDMA. Like other illegally manufactured drugs, such as speed, there are no controls of factors such as strength and hygiene of the drug. The increases the chances of a person overdosing, being poisoned or experience other adverse reactions after taking the drug. Swallowing ecstasy is the most common way to use it, even though it can taste foul. Ecstasy tablets can be various sizes, shapes and designs such as playboy bunnies or tulips. The tablets can be crushed and snorted. They may also be inserted into the anus from where the drug is absorbed. This way is often referred to as shafting or shelving. Today, injecting ecstasy is becoming more popular. The immediate effects usually begin within 20 minutes of taking the drug and may last up to 6 hours. Some people have reported some symptoms persisting for 32 hours after using ecstasy. Many people have experienced effects such as increased heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure. The user also experiences increased confidence and feelings of well being. Jaw clenching, teeth grinding and anxiety are also common. Symptoms on nausea and a loss of appetite are sometimes more likely to occur than thought of. These effects usually come up in a course of three phases: coming up, the plateau and coming down. In coming up, the effects can be smooth and bumpy and users may feel a rush. The plateau consists of the user feeling good, happy and relaxed. While coming down, the user may feel physically exhausted, depressed and irritable. Higher quantities of ecstasy dont appear to enhance the desirable effect and may cause convulsions, vomiting, floating sensations, irrational or bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. In the come down, insomnia, depression, anxiety, paranoia, fatigue and difficulty concentrating are many common effects. These effects usually begin the day after taking the drug and can last for several days. After the come down from the synthetic drug, many problems users encounter with ecstasy are similar to those found with the use of amphetamines and cocaine. Some of the short-term effects are very similar to the immediate effects of ecstasy. They include increases in heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, chills, sweating, and such psychological problems as confusion, depression, sleep problems, craving, severe anxiety, paranoia, and psychotic episodes. Ecstasys chemical cousin, MDA, destroys cells that produce Serotonin in the brain. These cells play a direct roll in regulating aggression, mood, sexual activity, sleep, and sensitivity to pain. Methamphetamine, also similar to ecstasy, damages brain cells that produce dopamine. Scientists have now shown that Ecstasy not only makes the brains nerve branches and endings degenerate, but also makes them regrow, but abnormally failing to reconnect with some brain areas and connecting elsewhere with the wrong ar eas. These reconnections may be permanent, resulting in cognitive impairments, changes in emotion, learning, memory, or hormone-like chemical abnormalities. .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .postImageUrl , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:hover , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:visited , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:active { border:0!important; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:active , .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126 .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32a4e76f37bbc0ca59f923b95f142126:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Formation of An Individual: Cases, Terms, To Essay The effects of long-term MDMA use are just beginning to undergo scientific analysis. In 1998, the National Institute of Mental Health conducted a study of a small group of habitual MDMA users who were abstaining from use. The study revealed that the abstinent users suffered damage to the neurons

Critical Analysis of Phillis Wheatley free essay sample

The Life and Literature of Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley holds the accomplishment of being the first published African American writer. Her story is very different from the other published African American writers. Unlike most of the writers to follow her she was not born into slavery and she is not of a mixed race. Phillis Wheatley was abducted from her parents and her home in West Africa when she was around seven years old, she was named for the slave ship The Phillis that delivered her into slavery. I was surprised to learn Phillis Wheatley viewed slavery as an opportunity rather than a cruel and dehumanizing system. Her works differ from the writers to follow because she does not openly discourage slavery. As a child Phillis showed that she had a great aptitude, her owners took an interest in her education and began to teacher her to read and write. She was a fast learner and soon began to study Latin and literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Phillis Wheatley or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her early education is reflected in her complex works, even at a young age she mimic Pope and Milton in her writing style. Her first poem was published when she was just twelve years old. Her writings shocked white America and spoke for itself. Although she did not advocate for the freedom of her people. She had laid the ground work in displaying that African American were just as capable and in her case more of being as intelligent as anyone else. Wheatley’s works began to become more noticed. However publishers refused to acknowledge Wheatley and denied that she had actually written her own poems. Wheatley’s case went to trial to eventually and she eventually received credit for her writing. Although she finally received the credit she was unable to find a publisher who would publish her works in America. One of her works â€Å"Coming to American from Africa † a poem that she is famous for and that speaks reflects her opinion of slavery and the plight of her people. Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand. † The first two lines of the poem set the tone of the poem and show her opinion of African Americans and and there status when compared to Whites. These line from her poem she describes the pillaging of Africa and the kidnapping of her people as â€Å"mercy. She also refers to Africa as a Pagan land and insinuates that that its inhabitants were not able to learn and to function. She actually addresses slavery in a positive light because it introduced her to Christianity. Then she actually pleads with the white viewers not to be to disgusted with her savage race of people because throught slavery and white teaching they too have the chance to become Christian . â€Å"Some view our sable race with scornful eye, Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain, May be refind and join thangelic train. † The last line employs the White Christian audience to remember that despite their savage was there is still hope of civilizing African Americans. She also uses a metaphor to compare the African race to Cain the root of all evil. Wheatley wrote passionately about America’s independence but not however about the independence of her people. Her sentiments actually adopted and promoted the majority of White opinion of African Americans. Although she did not intentionally advocate for African Americans she served as an example and proof that African Americans possessed the intelligence and ability and laid the way for many others.

Labor Unions And Nursing Essays - Trade Unions In The United States

Labor Unions And Nursing The American Labor movement in the United States has a history dating back to the beginnings of the industrial revolution. Its existence is due to poor working conditions and exploitation during the beginning of that time. Labor unions have had a long history of using their most powerful weapon, strikes, to fight their battles. Even today, with the diminishing numbers of union members, strikes appear in the news sporadically. History of Labor Unions The first strike is thought to be by printers in Philadelphia in 1786 (Maidment, 1997). Working conditions, pay and benefits were so poor, leaders in the southern United States used them to justify slavery. Their contention was that slaves were treated better than the workers were in the North. (Maidment, 1997) Unions attempt to rectify poor working conditions, pay and benefits through collective bargaining. An individual has very little power when negotiating with an employer, however many individuals, collectively have the power to achieve results through bargaining and negotiating. The ultimate bargaining tool that the collective bargaining unit has is the right to strike. Strikes The United States has the most violent and bloodiest labor history of any industrialized country (Foner, Garraty, 1991). In 1850, police killed two New York tailors while attempting to disperse strikers. These were the first of over seven hundred documented caused by strike-related violence. In 1913, National Guardsmen attacked striking Colorado miners known as the Ludlow Massacre. In 1937, police killed Ten Chicago steelworkers during a strike, which came to be known as the Memorial Day Massacre. More commonly, though, strike related deaths are attributed to lessor known confrontations. Strikes in the United States are generally linked to the business cycle. Strikes are more common when unemployment is low with the lowest strike rate being during the Great Depression. The first American strikes in the late 1700's and early 1800's were by shoemakers, printers, and carpenters led by their trade societies and were generally effective because of the limited labor pool skilled in those trades. The strikers simply refused to work until their pay demands were met. The strikes were generally short, peaceful and successful. Successful litigation by employers inhibited the spread of these strikes and the trade societies. After an economic upturn in the 1820s, strike activity was revived. Throughout the 1800s, strike activity continued to wax and wane based on economic conditions. Women participated in strikes as early as the 1820s. After the Civil War, the labor movement started to more closely resemble today's labor movement. In order to discourage strikes, instead of unilaterally setting wages and striking, unions started negotiating with employers, addressing wages, work rules, hours and grievances. This method of ?arbitration? led to binding contracts between the collective bargaining units and the employers. The Knights of Labor, the most important labor organization of the 1800s, discouraged strikes. Mediation Union leaders, particularly those in the craft unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), continued to question the efficacy of strikes in the early 1900s. Instead of strikes, the craft unions turned to private mediation groups to help settle disputes. In mediation, ?the third party assists the negotiators in their discussions and also suggests settlement proposals.? (Mathis, Jackson, 2000) An expansion of the union movement was created by four years of depression in the 1930s. The violent strikes by autoworkers, truckers, longshoremen and textile workers in 1934 sparked the passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA). The NLRA is the law governing relations between unions and employers in the private sector. It guarantees the right of employees to organize and to bargain collectively with employers. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent federal agency created by Congress, which administers the NLRA. Under the direction of the NLRB, strikes continued in the 1940s (after WWII) and while some were very long, most were peaceful. The NLRB saw to it that employers who were legally obligated to bargain with unions, did so. In addition, strikers were given legal protection. In the 1950s the number of strikes dropped sharply, as the relationships between unions and employers became more predictable. The 1960s saw a rise in public employee strikes (teachers, transit workers and other local government workers) and in 1970,

20 Analytical Essay Topics Key Elements of Economic Development in the Third World

20 Analytical Essay Topics Key Elements of Economic Development in the Third World Despite the deadline gaining on you, your mind may remain blank as you try writing an analytical essay regarding political and economic development in third world countries. One of the biggest issues you may face is being unable to come up with a worthwhile topic. We know how frustrating this can be for students, especially since there are hundreds of online guides detailing how to write analytical essays but almost nothing on topics. Luckily, inspiration for your next essay is just a few lines away. The following list of 20 topics related to political and economic development in the third world will help you craft a great analytical essay and learn a lot about the subject. Failure of Economic Development Strategies Which Ignore Cultural Dimensions Improving Taxpayer Compliance in the Third World and Acceleration of Economic Development in the Third World Sustainable Development in Developing Countries through Eradicating Poverty Successful Green Development Programs in the Third World: Changing Focus on Helping the Poorest Sectors of the Population Solar Energy Usage in the Third World The Implications of Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization in Developing Countries Greater Gender Equity to Improving Health and Education in Developing Countries Reducing Poverty and Improving Education to Curb Extremism in the Third World Viable Solutions for the Third World Energy Crisis Averting a Long-Term Food Crisis in the Developing World The Political Effects of Strengthening Essential Public Sector Institutions Types of Political Institutions Third World Countries Need The Implications of Gender Inequality in Education on Third World Economic Development The Significant Welfare Losses Sustained by the Third World Due to Transnational Crime Ways the Free Market Ideology Harms Subsistence Farmers in Developing Countries The Role of Information Technology in Helping Enhance Gender Equality in Developing Nations and Improving Long-Term Economic Growth How a Strong Media Sector Acts as a Viable Strategy for Stabilizing the Politics of the Third World Social and Cultural Exclusion in the Third World How Technology Adoption is Changing the Third World The Challenges of Ending Hunger in Poor Nations Some of these are pretty broad, but you can focus on specific themes or countries if you want. Just make sure the topic is relevant and useful. Feel free to use any of these topics as is or as inspiration to come up with your own. The references at the end of this guide includes plenty of sources which can be used to research these specific topics. If you are still stuck despite deciding on a topic, we have more reference materials for you. Our 23 facts on political and economic development in the third world plus the guide on writing an analytical essay about it will get you started. Additionally, the following example can get your creativity to flow and help you with your upcoming essay. Sample Analytical Essay: The Implications of Gender Inequality in Education on Third World Economic Development Denying the chance to be educated is a violation of an intrinsic human right. This, however, is exactly what happens to young girls in most of the underdeveloped countries of the world. Young females face exclusion in all levels of education and are at a significant disadvantage as compared to boys. What local societies in underdeveloped countries fail to understand, though, is that they can break out of the perpetual cycle of poverty if their female population is properly educated. Global humanitarian programs have traditionally focused on ensuring primary education at the least for the growing female population in the third world. New research, however, indicates that education throughout adolescence is the best way to ensure economic growth. While this is a difficult goal which will require a lot of resources, commitment and innovative thinking, the benefits nations will reap are more than worth the effort. Educated women help their families flourish. They are in a better position to make more informed decisions about their families, the latter which are considered the bases of modern society. Moreover, if allowed to enter the workforce, they can contribute to the annual income of their households and even positively impact the economy. Therefore, it is safe to say that education paves the road for women to become active members of society. Another way education can help is by empowering women to stand up for their basic rights. Women in third world countries have to deal with domestic abuse, discriminatory laws, and the lack of equal employment opportunities. All these issues lead to women feeling powerless. Education, however, can give them the confidence they need to take control of their lives. As they will be capable of joining the workforce, they will not need to depend on their spouses for every single thing or bear with their oppressive behaviors. The right kind of education and mentorship will further help females recognize their strengths and take on leadership roles at a young age. Empowering women through education allows them to confidently interact with members of the society around them and may even motivate them to participate in the political process as well. Another significant advantage offered by investing in educating young women is addressing climate change. One of the most effective strategies which can be used to limit carbon emissions is to control population growth. Research indicates that educating women slows down population growth. In fact, the difference between a woman who has 12 years of schooling and one who has no education is about 4 to 5 children per woman. This basic right needs to be guaranteed, especially in regions where conflicts and emergencies occur. Parents should never have to face the choice of educating a girl or keeping her out of harms way. Girls living in countries where violence is the norm are often kept out of schools. Such regions need to be especially targeted by international efforts. The psychological and social well-being of girls living in such difficult situations depends on those efforts. This is just a simple draft to inspire you. Remember to use the references below to add more information and facts to your essay or else your instructor will be stingy while grading your essay. References: Sperling, G., Winthrop, R., Kwauk, C. What works in girls education. McMichael, P. (2012). Development and social change. Los Angeles: SAGE. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization,. Culture, Economic Development and the Third World (p. 8). Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Bird, R., Casanegra de Jantscher, M. (1992). Improving tax administration in developing countries. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Di John, J. (2006) The Political Economy of Taxation and Tax Reform in Developing Countries, World Institute of Development Economics Research (WIDER) Research Paper No. 2006/74, Helsinki: United Nations University-WIDER. Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigenda)un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf Kaufmann, Daniel (2006), â€Å"Media, Governance and Development,† Keynote Presentation, UNESCO World Press Freedom Day Meeting. The World Bank,. (2016). Gender Equality and Economic Development The Role for Information and Communication Technologies. Washington DC: The Knowledge for Development Program of the World Bank Institute. Magdoff, F. (2008). The World Food Crisis: Sources and Solutions. Monthly Review. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from http://monthlyreview.org/2008/05/01/the-world-food-crisis-sources-and-solutions/ Patrick, S. (2012). The Internationalist  » How Transnational Crime Hinders Development- and What to Do About It. Council on Foreign Relations The Internationalist. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from http://blogs.cfr.org/patrick/2012/06/26/how-transnational-crime-hinders-development-and-what-to-do-about-it/ Political Institutions, a., Pereira, C., Teles, V. (2011). Political Institutions, Economic Growth, and Democracy: The Substitute Effect. The Brookings Institution. Retrieved 3 March 2016, from brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/01/19-political-institutions-pereira worldbank.org,. (2016). Poverty Analysis Haiti: The Challenges of Poverty Reduction. Retrieved 3 March 2016 Packer, G. (2016). The Megacity. The New Yorker, (2006 ISSUE). Retrieved from newyorker.com/magazine/2006/11/13/the-megacity United Nations, (2015). 2015 Human Development Report Retrieved from http://report.hdr.undp.org/ Adams, W. (2009). Green development. London: Routledge. World Economic Forum,. (2016). 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Pollution Caused By War Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution Caused By War - Research Proposal Example Radioactivity, toxic chemicals, unexploded devices, and unsanitary health conditions will continue to scar the war zone for decades into the future. The human cost of this pollution is enormous and little is being done to hold the warring parties responsible for repairing the damage left behind. Landmines litter the playgrounds, toxins invade the food chain, and a plethora of health problems arise to further burden civilian population in the previously occupied lands. Recent decades have seen an explosion in wartime pollution and little has been accomplished to gain international agreement on the treatment and cleanup of affected areas. Wars have always left behind some form of pollution, usually in the form of unexploded ordinance that littered the landscape. During the US Civil War smoke was a major pollutant, but its effects were temporary as the smoke would clear and nature would reclaim the landscape scarred with craters. However, Vietnam would change that as "It is generally accepted that the extensive use of environmental destruction as a strategic practice in war dates from the use of defoliants during the war in Southeast Asia" (McCally 278). The forests in Vietnam were cleared with a chemical agent known as Agent Orange, a deadly herbicide that denied the enemy of food and cover. The amounts left behind in the soil and food chain had the greatest effects on the civilian population, which had little protection from the Geneva Convention or similar international agreements. Modern warfare had taken a leap and could no longer control the devastating effects of the pollution left behind. Another devastating pollutant has recently come in the form of depleted uranium (DU), a highly dense metal used for armament and armor plating in military applications. DU illegally litters the battlefields in Kosovo and Iraq and is spread throughout the environment after a contamination event. "Over the days and years following such an event, the contamination normally becomes dispersed into the wider natural environment by wind and rain. People living or working in affected areas may inhale contaminated dusts or consume contaminated food and drinking water" (Depleted Uranium). The effects of exposure to DU can range from kidney problems to lung cancer, and the World Health Organization warns that, "Small children could receive greater exposure to DU when playing in or near DU impact sites. Their typical hand-to-mouth activity could lead to high DU ingestion from contaminated soil" (Depleted Uranium). The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been active in attempting to c lean up DU contaminated sites, but Henk van der Keur of the Laka Foundation1 contends that the use of DU is in direct violation of international law (A Day to Prevent Environmental). Cleaning up the damage may come to late for many that have already been exposed, and international groups are calling for an outright ban on DU. While the effects of Agent Orange and DU may linger unnoticed as an odorless and colorless poison, the effects of oil pollution in the Mideast have been more profound. The widespread fires from the ignited oil wells after the Kuwait War could be seen for miles, and "Iraq's release of about 10 million barrels of Kuwaiti oil into Gulf waters caused great stress to an ecosystem already suffering from decades of abuse" (McCally 278). At the time, there was little international